I 389 
18 

>py 1 



SUITABLILITY OF GRAPES FOR GEN- 
ERAL CULTURE IN THE STATES 
OF THE OLD SOUTH 



BY 
FLOYD BRALLIAR, PH. D. 



PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 

GEORGE PEABODY COLLEGE FOR TEACHERS 

NASHVILLE, TENN. 



SUITABLILITY OF GRAPES FOR GEN 

ERAL CULTURE IN THE STATES 

OF THE OLD SOUTH 



FLOYD BRALLIAR, PH. D. 



PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 

GEORGE PEABODY COLLEGE FOR TEACHERS 

NASHVILLE, TENN. 



3& 









£^ H 






TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Foreword 6 

Purpose 6 

Scope 6 

Incentives 6 

Planting Trial of Vineyards 7 

Location 7 

Soil 7 

Supplementary Observations 7 

Acknowledgments 8 

CHAPTER I 
INTRODUCTION— GRAPES OF AMERICA 

( drapes Among Ancients 9 

Original Varieties Grown 9 

Distribution of Wild Grapes 9 

Grapes Indigenous to Tennessee 9 

Early Attempts to Grow Grapes 10 

Failures Explained 10 

Success at Last . 10 

Vineyards in Tennessee 11 

Other Southern Vineyards 12 

CHAPTER II 
VARIETY TRIALS 

Trial Vineyard 13 

Soil Selected .' 13 

Preparation of Soil 13 

Planting and Care 13 

Weather Handicaps 13 

Resetting 14 

Further Plantings 14 

List of Varieties 14 

Care of Vinej^ard 17 

Results 18 



Table of Contents 

Promising Varieties 18 

Diseases and Prevention 19 

Discussion of Varieties 19 

Most Successful Varieties 20 

CHAPTER III 
GRAPE BREEDING 

How to Proceed 21 

Care of Seed 21 

Growing Seedlings 21 

Testing Seedlings 22 

A Successful Seedling 22 

Other Southern Breeders 23 

Cheisholm 23 

Munson 23 

Zimmerman Brothers 23 

Results 24 

CHAPTER IV 
VINIFERA GRAPES EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 

Early Experiences . . . . ' 25 

Characteristics of Vinifera 25 

Tests in Tennessee 25 

Results 26 

Varieties Tested 26 

On Own Roots 28 

Other Southern Trials 28 

In North Carolina 28 

In Georgia 28 

In Florida 28 

CHAPTER V 
RESPONSE TO ENVIROMENT 

Behavior Variations 30 

Worden 30 



Tabic of Contents 

Delaware 30 

Moore's Early 30 

Niagara 30 

Need for Experimental Vineyards 31 

Appendix 32 

Bibliography 33 

Visits and Observations 35 



FOREWORD 

PURPOSE 

The investigation herein reported was undertaken for four 
main objects: — Fitst: To determine the possibility and practica- 
bility of the middle South and, so far as conclusions could be 
reached, the entire South growing not only its own supply of 
grapes but producing them commercially. Second: To as- 
certain what varieties of grapes already in existence are best 
suited to southern conditions. Incidentially, this includes a 
study of the variation of si?e and quality within a given variety 
due to local soil and climatic conditions. Third: The selection 
of parents most suitable for crossing in the hope of obtaining 
varieties preeminently suited to southern conditions. Fourth: 
An investigation of the possibility of growing the Vitis vinifera 
species of grapes in the South by taking advantage of our present 
knowedge of philloxera control and of the use of sprays in pre- 
venting blights, rots and mildews. 

First Incentives. — About fourteen years ago (1908) a letter 
was received from Mr. Moore, a grape investigator of Burling- 
ton, Iowa, now deceased, stating that after much study he had 
reached the conclusion that the State of Tennessee must be a- 
bout the geographic center of the grape's habitat, and suggesting 
that an investigation be made of the wild grapes of the state, 
and that a trial vineyard be started where grapes from all parts 
of the world could be tested. Observation and inquiry began a- 
bout that time, but it was not until some five or six years later 
when a few Lutie grape vines were found growing b}^ an old cabin 
on Paradise Ridge, some four miles from Joulton, Tenn., vines 
that had never known the benefits of knife, spray, or cultivation, 
vet were loaded with perfectly delicious fruit, that a decision was 
reached to make this trial planting. Though every good author- 
ity on grapes rated Lutie as a second rate variety, here in the hills 
of Tennessee, within thirty miles of its point of origin, it was the 
equal of any grape of American origin. If this were true of one 
variety, why might it not be true of others? To determine this, 
plans were laid for planting a vineyard. At first all that was 
contemplated was a plantation of the varieties that do best in 
the South; but on inquiry it became evident that no one knew 
which these varities were. A visit to the trial vineyard at the 
State Agricultural College revealed the fact that it had tested 
less than a score of the most common varieties. Correspond- 
ance with State horticulturists and personal visits to agricultural 
colleges and experimental stations were equally futile. Mr. Meir 
of Henderson ville, Tenn., had tested more varieties and gave 
more information than any one else. 



PLANTING TRIAL OF VINEYARDS 

After some preliminary attempts to establish a vineyard, 
work was begun in earnest by selecting a fairly well drained plot 
of land lying on the top of a ridge on the Nashville Agricultural 
Normal Institute's farm at Madison, Tennessee. The first 
grapes planted were Moore's Early, Niagara, Lutie, and Concord; 
and two years later Worden was added. The following year a 
further planting was made of Catawba, Caco, Norton, Winchel, 
and Herbert. In the fall of nineteen hundred seventeen another 
plot of land adjacent to these plantings was prepared, plants 
secured, and about one hundred sixty-eight additional varieties 
were set. The unit decided on for this plantation was five vines 
of a variety, though in several instances, either more or less 
than this number were planted. These variations appear in 
Chapter II. In nineteen hundred eighteen a number of addi- 
tional varieties were planted, some of them being cross-bred 
seedlings produced on the place. A complete list of the varieties 
planted appears elsewhere. 

In addition to the work done in this trial vineyard, personal 
observations have been made in various parts of every state in 
the old South except Louisiana, as well as in many of the 
border and northern states. Literally hundreds of miles were 
tramped through Tennessee, North Carolina, and North 
Georgia studying wild grapes. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Much valuable data has been furnished by the horticultural 
departments of the various states, and especially by Mr. G. B. 
Hussman, Chief Viticulturist of the United States Department 
of Agriculture, and Mr. Morrell, Agriculturist for the Southern 
Railroad System. Mr. Antoine Wintzer, of the Conard- Jones 
Rose Company, West Grove, Pennsylvania, and Mr. G. B. 
Starcher, of Auburn, Alabama, should be especially mentioned 
for valuable assistance rendered in collecting cuttings and making 
observations. 



CHAPTER I 
INTRODUCTION -- GRAPES OF AMERICA 

From the dawn of history the grape has been regarded as the 
king of fruits. When Moses sent spies into the promised land, (*)* 
as the most convincing evidence of its desirability, they 
brought back a giant cluster of grapes from Eschol. When Ruth 
gleaned in the field of Boa/, at noontide she was invited to dip 
her morsel in the "vinegar," a sweet marmalade made from the 
grape, ( 2 ) and among other things Abigail brought raisins to David 
to appease his wrath after his insult by Nabal. ( 3 ) 

The Roman historian Tacitus states that the climate of 
Gprmany was cold and damp. In his day it would not produce 
the vine, and without doubt this was one of the chief reasons it 
escaped Roman dominion. ( 4 ) 

Even the Vikings judged the value of a land by its ability 
to grow the vine, for in the Saga of Leif the Fortunate, we read 
that when he discovered a. new land to the Westward (America), 
rinding wild grapes, he gathered enough to load the stern of his 
vessel, and he named the country "Vineland." ( 5 ) 

Grapes are found growing wild in most of Asia and Europe, 
though only a single species, Vitis vinifera, has ever been cul- 
tivated in those regions of either continent that have played an 
important part in history. In China and Japan, however, there 
are a few inferior wild giapes that do not belong to this 
species. Hundreds of varieties of this species have been 
developed, but they all agree in having a sweet firm flesh that 
does not part from the thin, tender skin; and in the soft, succulent 
roots that distinguish them from all other grapes. ( 6 ) 

Until less than two centuries ago all cultivated grapes 
were of this species, so it is not surprising that it possesses many 
superior qualities rot the Iea=t of wh : ch are its excellent table 
qualities and its ability to produce raisins. 

In all the world some fifty or sixty species of grapes are known, 
depending upon classification, more than half of which are native 
to the United States. ( 7 ) 

However, hardly a dozen species have ever been extensively cul- 
tivated, all but two of which are native American grapes and the 
eleventh, V. Bourquiniana, is doubtless an American hybrid. ( 8 ) 

Six of these cultivated species are native to the South. 

The State of Tennessee and the western part of North Carolina 
seem to be the geographical center of the grape world, containing 
more wild species than any other district of the world, with the pos- 
sible exception of the region of the Brazos river in Texas. 



* The figures in the text refer to authorities appearing in the Bibilography herirg the 
key number. 



10 Cultivated Grapes 

The following grapes are indigenous to Tennessee: Vitis lab- 
ruca, Vitis aestivalis, probably a few Vitis bicolor in the high- 
lands bordering Kentucky, Vitis Bourquiniana, probably 
escpaed from cultivation, wild, Vitis cinerea, Vitis Baileyana on 
the borders of North Carolina, Vitis cordifolia, Vitis rubra, 
Vitis vulpina, Vitis Longii, and Vitis rotundifolia. ( 9 ) 

One or more of these are found on all soils in all districts 
of the State, while in some districts several of these varieties 
are found together with many natural hybrids. 

Most of the wild grapes of Kentucky, Western Carolina, 
Tennessee, and Missouri grow on clay soil. Even where the soil 
is very poor they thrive abundantly. Farther south and south- 
east they grow on sandy soils. Naturally the varieties that thrive 
best on clay soils are not so well suited to the sandy districts. 

Cultivated Grapes. — Seeing the wealth of wild grapes every- 
where, the early explorers naturally concluded that grape growing 
would be one of the most profitable pursuits in the New World. ( n ) 
So it is not surprising that in sixteen hundred nineteen the James- 
town colonists were each required to put out and cultivate ten 
grape cuttings, and that for years every inducement was 
held out for growing vineyards. ( 1 _ 3 ) ( 14 ) None of these 
vineyards were ever profitable and the vines soon 
sickened and died. Many attempts to grow grapes were 
made in all of the original colonies, but with little success. In 
Louisiana, only, was wine made profitably in quantities, and sever- 
al large vineyards were established there, when the French, 
fearing their competition, forbade further wine making in the 
colony. ( 13 ) ( 14 ) 

But all of these people made the mistake of neglecting the na- 
tive grape and planted vinifera varieties imported from Europe. 
All reported that the vines grew thriftily for a year or two, 
then were taken with "a sickness" and died. The last attempt 
to grow European grapes on an extensive scale in Eastern America 
was on the Tombigbee river in Alabama. More than eleven hun- 
dred acres were set, professional growers being brought from 
France for the purpose. The success of the experiment 
seemed likely for some time, but disease and disaster were so 
great that the enterprise never paid expenses and the company 
finally became bankrupt and the vineyards were abandoned. 

Gradually a few people, more wise than their fellows, turned 
to the native grape, and began selecting, crossing, and growing 
seedlings. The first real impetus to grape growing in America 
came with the introduction of a native grape, the Alexander, 
under the claim that it was from the Cape of Good Hope. ( 13 ) 
This was a native labrusca variety introduced late in the eighteen- 
th century. Concord soon appeared, as a seedling produced in 



Successful Plantations 11 

Massachusetts, and Catawba was introduced into Maryland, 
doubtless having been carried there from the headwaters of the 
Little Catawba river, in North Carolina. ( 15 ) ( 16 ) 

Grape culture was now a success in the North and East, but 
no record has been found of attempts made to grow grapes 
commercially in most of the South for years. However vineyards of 
Bourquiniana varieties were being profitably grown near Savan- 
nah, Georgia, as early as eighteen hundred and investigations 
have shown many small vineyards of Concord and Catawba 
from Columbia, South Carolina, northward to Hendersonville, 
North Carolina, that have been bearing for over twenty-five 
years, and evidence was obtained that at least one of these vine- 
yards had been bearing since before the Civil War. ( 15 ) ( 17 ) (* 8 ) 

Successful Plantations. — Doubtless the most successful attempt 
to grow grapes commercially in the South is in what is known as 
the thermal belt at Tryoii, North Carolina. . ( 19 ) ( 20 ) Mr. 
Lindsey, the pioneer grape grower of this district and today 
head of the Tryon Grape Growers' and Shippers' Association, 
after courteously showing a number of the vineyards, stated 
that the vines are uniformly heatlhy and productive. ( 15 ) 
Niagara and Deleware are principally grown, not because other 
varieties do not succeed, but because these were the first varieties 
planted and the reputation of the district was made on them. 
They are not only shipped locally in small quantities, but in car 
lots. They are grown on the steep mountain slopes, the higher 
the vineyard the better the quality of the fruit obtained. Good 
crops are secured on the low lands but the quality is not so good. 

John Meir came from Spain, and in eighteen hundred ninety 
purchased land near Hendersonville, Tennessee, and began plant- 
ing grapes. He states that he has planted more than sixty varie- 
ties during the time he has grown grapes there. He has the 
largest vineyard in Tennessee — twenty-seven acres, and reports 
good success from a financial standpoint. He secures as large 
an average yield as do the New York or Michigan growers, and 
gets a much higher price for his fruit. 

In the vicinity of Graysville, Tennessee, A. K. Baker and Wil- 
liam Lenker for a number of years grew grapes commercially, 
growing principally Brighton. Their venture was highly success- 
ful, as a visit to their vineyard in nineteen hundred sixteen 
showed. 

In nineteen hundred fourteen Jethro Kloss set several thousand 
grape vines near Fountain Head, Tennessee. This planting was 
increased from time to time until it covered several acres. Mr. 
Kloss sold his farm and the vineyard was neglected for some time. 
Mr. B. N. Mulford now owns this vineyard and has partly re- 
suscitated it. It is beginning to bear profitable crops. 

In nineteen hundred sixteen W. S. Boynton planted an acre 



12 Successful Plantation* 

of grapes near Douglasville, Georgia, on flat sandy land. In 
two years they were bearing large crops of marketable grapes 
and have borne regularly since. 

In nineteen hundred seventeen and eighteen the Southern 
Junior College, at Ooltewah, Tennessee, planted several hundred 
grapevines consisting of Concord, Ives, Lutie, Niagara, Winchel 
and Norton. They are n:w producing profitable crops. 

On the ridge above Dry Fork near Nashville, Tennessee, are 
sevearl vineyards of an acre or more each, in extent, mostly 
Concords, that aie proving profitable. 

The vineyard at the Nashville Agricultural and Normal In- 
stitute, near Madison, Tennessee, has been in bearing since 
nineteen hundred fourteen. The crop in nineteen hundred six- 
teen averaged eight tons per acre, and it did not fall below four 
tons per acre until in nineteen hundred twenty when the vine- 
yard suffered severely from drought. In nineteen hundred 
twenty-one the grape crop was cut short by frost, but in nine- 
teen hundred twenty-two the yield on all mature vines is aver- 
aging about two tons to the acre. 

Small vineyards were visited at Jackson and Ha/elhurst, 
Mississippi, at Austel, Atlanta and Griffin, Georgia, at Hunts- 
ville and McKinley, Alabama, and at Columbia and Johnson 
City, South Carolina. All were producing grapes of good quality. 
Reports have been received through Mr. Morrel, Agriculturist 
for the Southern Railroad, and from Mr. Zimmerman, of Florida, 
all agreeing that grapes are actually being produced in many 
other parts of the South in sufficient quantities to show that 
they are profitable. Figures obtained from A. C. Taite of Old 
Fort, North Carolina, show that his father has made a clear 
average profit of over three hundred dollars per acre on his vine- 
yard for several years. 



CHAPTER II 
VARIETY TRIALS 

As previously mentioned several settings of grapes were made 
on the land of the Nashville Agricultural Normal Institute at 
Madison, Tennessee (ten miles from Nashville) previous to 1918. 
In 1917 a plot of yellow clay soil lying adjacent to the latest 
planting already made, and only about three or four hundred 
feet from the other plantings was selected on which to plant a 
rather extensive trial vineyard. This site was selected because 
it was so near the dozen or more varieties already planted that 
it would be unnecessary to plant any of them again. The land 
was fairly well drained, lying on the crest of a ridge, sloping to 
the west and southwest. The soil was poor, but being clay could 
be built up. It was underlaid with strata of carbonate of lime and 
carbonate of magnesia at a depth varying from sixteen inches to 
six feet from the surface, but this fact was not known when the site 
was selected. 

In 1917 this land was planted in corn for early roasting ears 
and in August was planted to Irish potatoes, no commercial 
and but little stable fertilizer being used. The potatoes were 
dug late in October and the land was sown to rye and crimson 
clover. During the winter sixteen tons per acre of stable manure 
were spread over this land. Early in March, when the cover 
crop was four or five inches tall, the land was plowed about eight 
inches deep and in April the grapes were set. The rows 
were placed eight feet apart, and the plants seven to 
twelve feet apart in the row, according to variety. Most 
varieties were planted eight feet apart in the row. Varie- 
ties such as Brilliant, and Deleware that were known to be weak 
growers were set only seven feet apart while some of the Munson 
varieties were planted twelve feet apart. No fertilizer was used 
at setting time. 

Beans, soybeans, or cowpeas were grown between the rows 
the first summer, and after most of the pods had been picked, 
the tops were plowed under and the land again sown to rye, with 
a little crimson clover. 

The first season was very dry, the drought coming in 
June. In July there were heavy rains, and then extreme drought 
again in August, lasting till November. As a result many of 
the vines died either before or during the winter of 1918-19. 

In April of 1919 a cover crop was plowed under and most 
of the dead vines were replaced. Some that could not be re- 
placed were reset with wholly new varieties. 

They suffered even more from drought this second season, and 
the following winter was equally hard on the vineyard. In the 



14 Variety Trials 

spring of 1920 we succeeded in putting the vineyard in pretty 
good condition and there has been little loss since. The following 
is a list of the varieties set. Those marked with $ failed to live, 
the number immediately after the $ show the number that 
died, again the number following show how many were reset. 
Those marked with * were reset in 1919, while those marked t 
were set for the first time in 1919. This list does not include 
the V. vinifera varieties as they appear elsewhere. This vine- 
yard was planted in cooperation with t-he U. S. Dept. of Agri- 
culture, it furnishing all vines bearing a number; the number 
being their nursery number. 

All grapes are more or less subject to brown rot and bird's 
eye rot in this climate. As a preventative these grapes were 
sprayed three times in 1922, 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture being used. 
Heavy and continuous rains prevented this giving the 
degree of protection that could reasonably have been expected 
but as all were treated alike the degree of susceptibility observed 
should be accurate. Those varieties only slighly subject to rot 
are marked 1. Those showing considerable disease are marked 
2, while those in which the disease was so severe as to seriously 
damage the market quality of most of the bunches are marked 3. 

These numbers appear at the extreme right in the complete list. 

Phylloxera has not been present thus far in great enough degree 
to make it possible to give an accurate study of variety suscepti- 
bility to this disease. 

Leaf roller has given more or less trouble every season since 
the vineyard was planted. A few varieties seem wholly resistant 
to this insect while .none seem conspicuously susceptible above 
the general average. Those that are resistant are marked* on 
the list of fifty. 



No. Vines 


Variety 


Vitality 


No. R 


csistai 


9 * 


Agawam 


F 


7842 


2 


3 % * 


Albania 






2 


5 t 


Amber Queen S 


7845 


2 


5 * 


Ambrosia 


S 


7846 


2 


4 * 


America 


R 




1 


5 


Alexander Winter F 


6759 




5 


Alice 


F 


6760 


3 


5 $2* 


Amerbonte 




6765 


1 


5 


Antionette 


S 


6766 


2 


5 


Arkansas 


F 


6767 


1 


5 t 


Armalaga 


R 




1 


4 $ 


Atoka 




6769 


2 


5 


Bacchus 


S 


6648 


2 


5 


Banner 


F 


6772 


1 


5$ 1 f 


Barry 


F 


6774 


2 





Variety Trials 




15 


o. Vines 


Variety 


Vitality 


No. Resistance to rot 


5 


Belle 


W 


6775 


2 


4 4 f 


Berkmans 


F-S 


6652 


1 


1 


Berkmans 




6652 


1 


5 * 


Brilliant 


F 




1 


4 


Bertha 


F 


6778 


2 


3$1 f 


Big Extra 


S 


6654 


3 


1 


Big Extra 


S 


6781 


3 


5 


Blondin 


s 


6782 


2 


5 $ 


Captain 




6785 


2 


5 


Captivator 


F 




2 


5 


Cayuga 


F 


6790 


2 


5 * 


Carmen 


W 




2 


5 


Centenial 


W 


6791 


2 


5 


Champenel 


R 


6792 


1 


3 


Champion 


. S 


6795 


2 


2 


Champion 


s 


6794 


2 


5 


Clevener 


F 


6797 


2 


5 


Collier 


F-W 




2 


5 


Colombian Imp. 


F 


6803 


2 


5 


Cornucopia 


W 


6805 


3 


5 


Creveling 


S 


6806 


2 


5 


Cunningham 


w 


6808 


2 


5 $ 


Big Hope 




7856 


2 


5 


Brighton 


F 


7858 


1 


5 * 


Diogenese 


F 


7875 


2 


5 


Delaba 


F 


6811 


3 


5 


Delaware 


F 


6812 


1 


5 


Diana 


F 


6672 


2 


5 


Dracut Amber 


F 


6817 


2 


5 * 


Eclipse 


F 




2 


5$2 f 


Ellen Scott 


F-S 


6822 


1 


5 


Edna 


W 




2 


5 t 


Elvira 


F 


6824 


2 


5 t 


Emerald 


F-W 


6677 


2 


5$1 f 


Essex 


F 


6829 


2 


4 


Etta 


W 


6832 


2 


1$1 t 


Etta 


W 


6831 


2 


4 * 


Ellen Scott 


F-S 




1 


5 


Eumodel 


W 


6833 


1 


5 


Eumelan 


w 


6835 


1 


3 $ 


Faith 


s 


6679 


2 


2 $ 


Faith 


s 


6836 


2 


5 * 


Franklin 


R 


7892 


2 


5 * 


Fern Munson 


R 




1 


5$4 f 


Gaertner 


F 


6680 


2 


4$3 f 


Golden Drop 


S 


6840 


2 



If) 





V arid a 


Trials 




Vines 


Van '(iij 1 


'Hal Hi/ 


No. 


1 


Golden Drop 


S 


6840 


5 


Gold 


F 




1 * 


Gold Dust 


W 




3 $ 2 f 


Govonor Ross 


W 


6683 


2 * 


Governor Ross 


W 


6683 


5 * 


Green's Early 


F 


7898 


5 * 


Grein's Golden 


F 


7899 


3 * 


Headlight 


W 




4 $ 3 t 


Helen Keller 


F 


6845 


1 


Helen Keller 


F 


6846 


4 


Herbert 


F 


6687 


1 


Herbert 


F 


6847 


5 


Hicks 


F-S 




2 


Hopicans 


F 


6849 


3 $ 2 f 


Hopicans 


F 


6850 


1 $ 


Iona 




6690 


4 $ 


Iona 




6853 


2 


Isabella 


S 


6691 


3 


Isabella 


s 


6854 


5 * 


Ive's Seedling 


s 




3 3 f 


Jaeger 


F 


6855 


5 


Jessica 


F 


7911 


3 


Kingsessing 


W 


6858 


3 * 


Last Rose 


F 




5 * 


Linn 


F 


7916 


1 


Lindley's 


S 


6883 


4 $ 2 f 


Lindley's 


s 


6864 


5 5 f 


Livingston 


F 


6866 


4 * 


Lomanto 


F 




5 


Long John 


F 


6868 


5 5 f 


Louisiana 


W 


6869 


4 t 


Lukfata 


R 


6873 


3 $ 2 f 


Manito 


R 


6875 


5 5 f 


Marguerite 


S-R 


6877 


5 


Massasoit 


S 


6880 


4 S 1 f 


Maxatawney 


F 


6881 


1 


Maxatawney 


S 


1881 


5 5 f 


Mericadel 


s 


6701 


5 


Merrimac 


R 


6882 


5 t 


Moyer 


F 


7928 


5 $ 2 


Muench 


R 


6886 


2 $ 


Oliatatoo 




6710 


3 $ 


Oliatatoo 




6891 


3 


Onedia 


W 


6894 


3 


Oneida 


W 


6895 


5 5 | 


Paradox 


F 


6899 



No. Vines Varied/ Vitality No. Resistance to rot 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
1 

2 
2 
3 
1 
2 
2 
2 
3 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 









Variety 


Trials 






5 




5 t 


Peabody 


F 


6901 


2 


3 






Prentiss 


S 


6909 


2 


5 


$ 


5 t 


Poughkeepsie 


7937 


2 


5 




% 


Pressley 




7939 


2 


5 


$ 


3 t 


Hod Eagle 


w 


6913 


2 


4 






Rockford 


s 


6919 


3 


1 






Rockford 


s 


6920 


3 


5* 




1 t 


Rommel 


s 


6926 


2 


5 






Ronaldo 


F 


6928 


2 


5 






Rupert 


F 


6929 


2 


5 






Rebecca 


R 


6931 


2 


6 




* 


R. W. Munson R 




1 


3 






Salem 


F 


6923 


2 


5 




t 


Staik's Delicious F 




2 


5 






Triumph 


F 


6938 


2 


5 






Valhalah 


S-F 


6939 


2 


5 


$ 


1 t 


Vergennes 


F 


6719 


2 


4 




* 


Wine King 


R 




1 


5 






Wyoming Rod W 


6946 


2 



17 



At least 25 of each of the 
1918 except Seedling No. 6. 



following had been planted before 



Brighton 


F 


( !atawba 


F 


( 'aco 


F 


Campbell's Early 


F-S 


Concord 


F 


Cynthiana 


S-F 


Diamond 


S 


Variety 




Green Mountain 


(Winchel) F-S 


Lutie 


F 


Moore's Early 


W-F 


Niagara 


S 


Norton 


s 


Perkins 


s 


Pocklington 


s 


Vine Seedling No. 


6F 


Worden 


F 



Care of Vineyards 

These grapes have not received as good cultivation as they 
should have had, and altogether have suffered more hardships 
than would be the case in the average vineyard. In a way this 
has been an advantage as it has helped show the weeknesses of 
the more undesirable varieties. 



18 Promising Varieties 

In 1921-1922 all grapes were carefully pruned and put on wires, 
the two-wire Kniffin system being used. All of the pre- 
vious year's growth was carefully measured and recorded in order 
to make a careful comparative study of their habits of growth. 
The growth up to August 1, 1922 was again studied, and the results 
of these two studies appear in the first list under vitality. 
The strongest growers are marked R ''rampant), Those pro- 
ducing more than one hundred feet of new wood are marked S 
(strong growers) provided they did not show weak growth in 
1922. Those making less than one hundred feet of new wood 
but more than fifty fair are marked F (fair) while those making 
still less growth are marked W (weak growers.) * 

In a few instances failure to make strong growth might possibly 
be due to the nearness of rock formation under a vine, but as 
in most instances there are five vines of each variety, and as the 
average growth is taken in each case, the unfavorable location 
of a single vine does not give any serious discrepancy. 

Late frosts in 1921 prevented many varieties fruiting at all, 
but a carefully tabulated study of quality, quantity, and char- 
acter of fruit borne by every vine that fruited was made. A 
Similar study and record was made of these same varietiees in 
the United States Government test vineyard at Arlington, Vir- 
ginia, in August of the same year. 

In 1922 a similar careful study was made of the fruit in the 
trial vineyard at Madison. A severe hail storm on August 3, 
1922 destroyed a great part of the fruit, however, so it was im- 
possible to get the exact weight of the fruit on the different vines. 

Most Promising Varieties 

A list of the fifty most promising varieties is here given with 
a record of their behavior. Those marked H fruit heavily. Those 
marked M bear an average or moderate crop, while those marked 
F have only made a fair yield. It is not deemed necessary to 
list those that bore less than a fair crop. It must be understood 
however that the vineyard is young and some varieties come 
into bearing younger than others. On the other hand, the vine- 
yard at Arlington, Virginia, is well established and should have 
corrected any errors in the Madison vineyard. 



Agawam 


T 


M 


Banner 


T 


H 


America 


J-T 


F 


*Berkman's 


J-T 


M 


Armalaga 


J-T 


M 


Brighton 


T 


M 


Bacchus 


J 


M 


Brilliant 


T 


F 



* Since the above table was compiled all of these varities have been studied for two more 
years .But there has been no reason to change the relative rating of any of them, all now 
making an abundance of wood and are bearing well. 







Conduct 


of Trials 




1< 


Captivator 


T 


M 


Lomento 


J-T 


M 


Campbell's Early 


T 


H 


*Lukfata 


J-T 


M 


Catawba 


T 


M 


Lutie 


T 


M 


Cynthiana 


J-T 


F 


Last Rose 


T 


M 


Concord 


T 


M 


Mericadel 


J-T 


M 


Delaware 


T 


F 


Manito 


T 


M 


Diamond (Moore's) T 


M 


Moore's Early 


T 


F 


Eclipse 


T 


M 


Nectar 


T 


F 


Ellen Scott 


T-J 


H 


Niagara 


T 


H 


Elvira 


T-J 


F 


Norton's 


J 


H 


Eumodel 


T 


M 


Number 6 


T 


H 


Eumelan 


T 


M 


Peabody 


J-T 


M 


Faith 


J-T 


M 


Perkins 


J 


M 


*Fern Munson 


J-T 


H 


Pocklington 


T 


F 


Golden Grain 


T 


F 


*R. W. Munson 


J-T 


M 


Gold Dust 


T 


M 


Salem 


T 


M 


Green Mountain 


T 


M 


Stark's Delicious 


T 


M 


Herbert- 


T 


M 


Wine King 


J-T 


F 


Hicks 


T 


M 


Wyoming Red 


J-T 


M 


Hopicans 


J-T 


F 


Worden 


T 


M 


Ive's Seedling 


J-T 


H 


Xenia 


T 


M 



In the list above J means best for making grape juice, T for 
table use. 

ADABTAB1LITY 

Those grapes that after two fruiting seasons seem to be most 
reliable for general planting over a great district in the South 
are given in the list at the close of this chapter. Only such 
varieties are listed as have been observed or reported as succeed- 
ing in widely separated parts of the South. This list is of less 
value south of the latitude of Atlanta, Georgia than it is north 
of that line. All grapes included in this list are not of equal 
value as table grapes. To illustrate, Norton's Virginia bears 
heavy crops of grapes that are of great value for grape juice, 
jelly, etc., but are not satisfactory as table grapes. Wine 
King falls into the same class. Ives' seedling is a most excellent 
grape for these purposes but it is also a good table grape when 
well ripened, which means at least ten days after it has turned 
black. 

Lutie and Ellen Scott are both free bearers of excellent grapes 
for home use but the former loses flavor quickly when picked 
and shatters badly, while the latter has a very thin skin and so 
bruises and bursts easily. Neither will do for distant market. 
Green Mountain is a most excellent table grape, but is too small 
to look attractive on the market. Worden is included in this 



20 



Rccom mended Vccritt iea 



list because it is very fine where it succeeds, though it is not 
adapted to such a wide variation of soil and climate. 

List of grapes recommended for planting in the South: 



Armalaga 

Banner (should be grafted) 

Berkman's 

Brighton 

Campbell's Early 

Catawba 

Concord 

Cynthiana (in places) 

Delaware 

Diamond (Moore's) 

Ellen Scott 

Enmodel 

Fern Munson 



Green Mountain 

Ives' Seedling 

Lutie 

Moore's Early 

Norton's 

Number 6 (Seedling) 

Niagara 

R. W. Munson 

Salem 

Worden 

Wine King 

Wyoming Red 



CHAPTER III 
GRAPE BREEDING 

The work of grape breeding herein reported began in the spring 
of 1916, though several crosses had been made in a neighbor's 
vineyard in 1913. Crosses were made between Concord, Lutie 
Moore's Early, Niagara, Diamond, Worden, Delaware, and later 
Green Mountain (Winchel). Each variety was used as a pollin- 
ator of every other variety except that Delaware was at no time 
used as a mother. The actual work was largely done by Botany 
and Biology classes under direction of the writer as teacher. 

Just as a cluster of blossoms were opening and before any 
pollen had ripened all anthers were removed, either by hand or 
with tweezers, a reading glass being employed where necessary 
to make sure the work was thoroughly done. A cluster of blossoms, 
the pollen of which was ripe, was then brought from the other 
parent and the pollen thoroughly dusted over the emasculated 
cluster, which was at once enclosed in a tissue paper cap and 
labeled. By this method only a few of the blossoms on a cluster 
took the pollen and matured fruit, but this insured well matured 
seed. Grapes are more difficult to pollinate than many other 
flowers but the simple method used never failed to produce at 
least a few grapes. 

The fruit was allowed to ripen thoroughly and was then 
gathered, the seeds saved, and planted, a label being placed 
with each lot. Some of the seeds were kept in a dry state for 
some months before planting, but all were planted before January 
1, in cold frames without protection of any kind. 

The percentage of germination has been uniformly good, but 
perhaps half of the seedlings produced have not lived for more 
than three months. They suffer from insect ravages, damping 
off and blight, and many of them die without any apparent 
reason. Seedlings are never sprayed or given any sort of pro- 
tection as it is felt that only plants that are strong enough 
to succeed without protection would be strong enough for general 
cultivation. A good seedling should produce two or three feet 
of top the first summer. 

When one year old all seedlings are transplanted to a nursery 
row and cut back to two inches in height. Here great loss is 
sustained, for reasons that have not been satisfactorily determined. 
These vines are cared for as if they were yearling vines brought 
from a nursery, being cut back hard each spring but are not 
sprayed. The first blossoms may appear the third year but 
some have never blossomed as yet. 

The first fruit set on a seedling is almost sure to be small but 
it is possible to determine the color and flavor. Both size of berry 



22 Grape Breeding 

and size of bunch increased for three years or more, at the end 
of which time it is possible to determine the value of a seedling. 
There are always some vines that are pure males and as soon as 
this is determined they are destroyed. 

Only one seedling of promise has appeared thus far. It is a 
Concord seedling pollinated with Delaware. This vine is now 
seven years old but was transplanted when three years old and 
suffered greatly as a result. This is designated in this dissertation 
as No. 6. This vine had never been sprayed until 1922, when, 
it was sprayed with the rest of the vineyard. 

The plant is a strong grower but produces a slender vine with 
short internodes. The color of the bark on the young wood is 
rather distinctive, being a peculiar grayish color as if slightly 
mildewed. The foliage is ample but the leaf is not large. In 
outline and color it resembles the foliage of Concord. 

Experiments show that this grape roots easily from ordinary 
hard wood cuttings, but the cuttings should be made rather early 
in the fall as the newly formed wood at the tips of the vine suffers 
from the winter, often killing back two or three feet. Otherwise 
the vine is hardy. 

The vine is unusually productive, the blossoms being perfect 
and apparently self-fertile. The clusters are of medium size 
and vary somewhat in shape, though they are mostly slightly 
shouldered. The berry is black, or blue-black, closely resembling 
Concord in color. The size is still increasing but is not yet so 
large as Concord, though larger than the old and well known 
Clinton. The flavor is exceptionally good, resembling that of 
Deleware. The skin is unusually thin though it shows no ten- 
dency to crack. 

The ripening period has not yet been fully determined. When 
it bore its first fruit it ripened With Moore's Early, and the follow- 
ing season it was ready to eat as early as Lutie and Green Moun- 
tain. In 1922 the fruit ripened only a week earlier than Concord, 
and fully ten days later than either Lutie or Green Mountain. 

This grape has not shown the least susceptibility to rot or mil- 
dew of any kind, and has always produced well filled bunches 
until the present season, 1922, when in common with other varie- 
ties many of the flowers failed to set fruit, doubtless because of 
the almost continuous rains at blossoming time. * 

Several other seedlings show vigor and disease resistance 
but have not as yet produced fruit, or if fruit has been produced, 
the quality is inferior. 



* This grape has since shown susceptability to black rot, though it is more resistant than 
Concord. 



Southern Grape Breeders 23 

Other Southern Grape Breeders 

Soon after the close of the Civil War, Dr. L. C. Chisholm of 
Spring Hill, Tennessee, became interested in grape breeding as 
a recreation. No very complete account of his work is available, 
but for the purpose of this dissertation this is not needed. He 
produced three varieties of sufficient merit to be tested to some 
extent, but as none of them showed great merit in New York, they 
were never widely planted and were soon dropped from most nurs- 
ery lists. However of these one, Lutie, was of such outstanding 
merit in the South, that it has gradually forced its way to the front, 
and information received by conversation with the Vitacultur- 
ist of the United States Department of Agriculture shows it is 
now being planted more widely than any other red grape in the 
United States. Its disease resistance, productiveness, and table 
qualities especially recommend it to the South. Its greatest 
weakness lies in the fact that it neither keeps nor ships well, 
and the crop does not ripen all at once. Naturally these are no 
disadvantage for home use. 

Many inferior varieties have been sold for Lutie, hence its 
reputation has suffered in certain localities. 

Observations made within ten miles of the site of its origin 
showed it growing luxuraintly on a trellis owned by D. K. Tren- 
airy, though it had never been either sprayed or pruned, pro- 
ducing large crops regularly. 

In 1873 Mr. T. V. Munson became intensely interested in 
grape culture. In 187G he purchased land near Dennison, Texas, 
and began his life work of testing and breeding grapes. Mr. 
Munson spent thousands of dollars and traveled all over the 
United States studying wild grapes and collecting plants for his 
breeding station. He became the foremost authority on both the 
botany of the grape and grape breeding in America. He made 
thousands of crosses and grew tens of thousands of seedlings. 
Something more than a hundred of these have been offered 
to the public. None proved of great value in the North and hence 
they have not been widely planted or known. 

They are very rapidly, gaining popularity in Texas and 
Oklahoma and recently have proven of great value in Florida 
where they are being planted by thousands. Wherever tested 
south of the Mason and Dixon line they are showing their value 
and are doing their part in proving that grapes produced in the 
South will yield profitable crops there. 

The Zimmerman Brothers of Oldsmar, Florida have not only 
tested many of the Munson varieties but have used them as 
parent stock for growing seedlings. Today the}- are growing 
grapes very profitably, but invariably those giving best results 
are either their own or the Munson varieties. 



24 Southern Crape Breeder* 

All who have become intelligent on the subject agree that these 
two men, and especially Munson, have not only given us some 
of the finest flavored grapes known to cultivation, but have 
solved the question of grape growing in the South by providing 
varieties that are resistant to philloxera, black rot, and bird's 
eye rot, the leading grape enemies in this region. 

While it has proven impossible to secure reliable statistics, 
the United States Department of Agriculture, and the State 
Departments of Agriculture of Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, 
and North Carolina all agree that the production of grapes in the 
South is now on the increase. Florida alone reports an increase 
of six thousand acres of vineyard within the last ten years. A 
Grape Growers' and Shippers' Association has been formed with 
headquarters at Oldsmar. Growers predict that grape growing 
will soon take rank with orange culture in Florida. 



CHAPTER IV 
VIN1FERA GRAPES EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 

As before stated, practically all attempts to grow grapes in 
America before 1800 were failures because only the vinifera 
varieties were planted. ( 14 )( 25 )( 26 ) These attempts were made in 
widely separated parts of the country. The Jesuits near St. 
Louis, Missouri; Nicholas Longworth, Sr., near Cincinnati, Ohio; 
Dunfour in Kentucky; the Prices — father, son and grandson — 
on Long Island; a colony of Napoleon's exiled officers on the banks 
of the Tombigbee; and the old French settlers in Louisiana; 
all grew these grapes rather extensively, and in the early history of 
their enterprises with fair success. All had the same experience. 
In a few years the vines sickened and died; but no one at that 
period seems to have discovered the cause. 

Vinifera grapes have soft, fleshy roots; a feature that disting- 
uishes them from all other grapes. Everywhere east of the 
Rocky Mountains our wild grapes have always been more or 
less infested with small aphids known as phylloxera. These 
aphids begin their work on the leaves, but quickly move to the 
roots, where they live for years. These insects pierce the bark 
of the root with their beaks and suck the sap. Whether they 
inject an irritating substance into the root or whether the mere 
mechanical effect of the piercing injures the root is not fully 
determined. Whatever the cause, the roots soon develop knotty 
protuberances at the point of injury which hinder the free passage 
of sap. Of course this is just what the insect desires. 

On most of our native species the bark is hard and very little 
injury is caused by the insect. But the soft, fleshy roots of the 
vinifera respond so readily to the work of phylloxera that they 
soon cease to develop new roots; and in a few months or, at 
most, years, the vine dies, Of our native grapes the labrusca 
suffer most from these insects; hence we would naturally ex- 
pect phylloxera to be less abundant where this grape thrives in 
the wild state. This is true, but another difficulty is found 
here. Labrusca grapes are native where there is great 
and sudden variation in temperature. This is alike fatal to 
phylloxera and to vinifera grapes, both of which need an equable 
temperature. 

Tests In T, nnessee 

In 1912 several hundreds of Vinifera grape cuttings were sent 
to the Nashville Agricultural Normal Institute from California 
for trial. These were either planted or distributed among affili- 
ated institutions. They rooted promptly and grew rapidly, 
but many of them failed to survive the changeable weather cf 



26 Vinifira Trials 

the first winter. Most of those that survived grew readily 
the first half of the second summer, by which time, being unsprayed, 
the foliage was badly damaged by rot. In a few instances they 
grew three years and produced fruit of good quality, but by this 
time they became infected with phylloxera and soon died. 

In 1914 some vinifera wood was grafted on wild vines by Neil 
Martin, near Bon Aqua, Tennessee, which took readily and made 
good growth. The second year some fruit was produced but 
being unsprayed the foliage became diseased. Unfortunately 
they had been grafted on slow growing vines, and the vinifera 
grew so much more rapidly than the vine on which they grew 
that they broke off in a wind storm and this experiment 
came to an untimely end. 

In 1918 the appended list of vinifera grapes were obtained 
from the United States Department of Agriculture. They were 
sent from Chico, California, and did not arrive in good condition. 
Some of the roots were very dry. All were planted on a slight 
southwestern exposure on heavy. clay soil, together with over a 
hundred American varieties. The season proved unusually dry. 
and many of the plants failed to grow. These were replaced the 
next spring, but a second even more severe and prolonged drouth 
prevented their growing well. The drought was so severe that 
the grapes withered on well established Lutie and Concord vines, 
and a number of six-year-old Lutie vines and three six-year-old 
Concord vines died outright. The unusually cold 
winter of 1919-20 following this drought killed most of the 
remaining vines together with nearly a hundred vines of various 
American varieties of the same age. It is felt that this experiment 
failed to show these grapes under normal conditions, yet several 
vines produced a few bunches of first class grapes, entirely free 
from mildew, rot, or other disease the second season. New set- 
tings under normal conditions are thriving, but are not old enough 
to produce fruit. All of these are grafted vines. 

List of vinifera grapes planted on trial vineyard near Madison, 
Tennessee, in 1918. Only one vine of each was planted. 

Variety Slock 

Alexandria Joly 

Angelina Mont, x Rip. 

Albardiens Rup. St. George 

Aramon Mont, x Rip. 

Burger Constantia 

Black Morocco Rup. St. George 

Bokator Constantia 
Blauer Portugieser Constantia 



Vinifira Trials 



27 



Variety 

Chass. dore 

Cinsaut 

Corinthe Blanc 

Corinthe Rose 

Cornichon 

Chass. Rose de Falleaux 

Chass. Rose Royal 

Dodrelabi 

Damascus 

Emperor 

Flame Tokay 

Green Hungarian 

Jura Muscat 

Kadarka 

Lann Traube 

Luglienga Nero 

Mantua de Philo 

Muscatel Frontignam 

Ohanez 

Olivette noir 

Panariti 

Panariti 

Syrian 

St. Macaire 

Sicilien 

Servan Blanc 

Semillon 

Tercet Monsite 

Trivolti 

Torock goher noir 

Teneron 

Bermentino 

Vahandova 

Vigne de Zericho 

Veltliner 

Verdel 

White Tokay 

Zinfandel 



Stock 

Mourv. x Rup. 
Mont, x Rip. 
Berl. x Rip. 
Mont, x Rip. 
Constantia 
Rup. St. George 
Constantia 
Rup. x Berl. 
Constantia 
Rup. St. George 
Rip. x Rup. Jaeger 
Rup. Des Semis 
Constantia 
Constantia 
Constantia 
Rip. x Rup. 
Constantia 
Mont, x Rip. 
Berl. x Rip. 
Berl. x Rip. 
Rip. x Berl. 
Rup. x Berl. 
Constantia 
Rup. x Berl. 
Constantia 
Berl. x Rip. 
Rup. x Berl. 
Rup. St. George 
Constantia 
Constantia 
Rup. St. George 
Berl. x Rip. 
Rup. St. George 
Constantia 
Mont, x Rip. 
Rup. St. George 
Rup. x Berl. 
Constantia 



28 Vinijira Trials 

Yixifera On Its Own Roots 

In 1919 the acquaintance was made of a Air. Poganani of West 
Grove, Pennsylvania. This man was acting as fireman in the 
Dingee and Conrad Rose Company's greenhouses. He proudly 
exhibited a home vineyard of vinifera grapes that were bearing 
heavily, though growing on their own roots. He offered to lead 
the way to a number of similar vineyards which he stated were 
doing as weJl as his own. Mr. Robert Pyle and Mr. Antoine 
Wintzer of the Conrad-Jones Company have reported this vine- 
yard several times since, and sent cuttings from it. It is still 
thriving and bearing regularly. 

This vineyard is growing in clay mixed with sharp sand. It 
was planted from cuttings some three feet long. The varieties 
are the three Muscatels and the cuttings were brought from Italy. 
Holes were dug eighteen inches deep and the cutting was coiled in 
the bottom of the hole until it just reached the surface. Mr. Pog- 
anani feels that this method of planting is important. The grapes 
are sprayed with Bordeaux mixture regularly every ten days or 
two weeks, and are carefully pruned and cultivated. 

Other Southern Trials 

In about 1910 Mr. Lindsay, of Tryon, North Carolina, received 
a number of varieties of vinifera grapes from the Department 
of Agriculture. These were grafted on resistant roots. They 
have received the same treatment as his other vineyards. When 
studied in 1921 they were thriving and Mr. Lindsay stated 
that they fruited regularly. He gave it as his opinion that vinifera 
grapes can be grown there, and with very little more trouble 
than the American varieties, if grafted on proper roots. Because 
of his well established and profitable trade in the American varie- 
ties and because of failing health, ho has not increased his plant- 
ings. 

In 1918 the Southern Railroad Company furnished one 
hundred vinifera grapes grafted on resistant roots for a trial 
in northern Georgia. Mr. Morrell reports that they are doing 
well and are already coming into profitable bearing. 

In the Sixteenth Biennial Report of the Department of 
Agriculture of the State of Florida, F. J. Zimmerman, the leading 
authorit}' on grape growing in Florida, states that "The vinifera 
varieties of Europe and California are found to do reasonably 
well only when grafted on phylloxera resistant roots." This 
doubtless refers to conditions in Florida. 

Many additional instances observed or reported by Mr. Huss- 
man, Chief Viticulturist of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, make it reasonably clear that if vinifera grapes are 



Vinifira Trials 29 

grafted on resistant roots of a character that is adapted to the 
soil where they are to grow; and if the vines are regularly and 
carefully sprayed with 4-6-50 Bordeaux mixture, with arsenate of 
lead added when necessary to prevent insect ravages, vinifira 
grapes can be successfully grown over much of the South. It 
is safe to predict that there will be many small plantings of these 
grapes made in this section in the near future. 



CHAPTER V 
RESPONSE TO ENVIORNMENT 

In studying grapes in different localities it soon, became evident 
that a grape that succeeds in one locality may be of little worth 
in some other place. To illustrate, an attempt was made to grow 
Muscadine grapes dug on the banks of the Oostanaula River, 
Georgia, at Hillcrest, some eight miles from Nashville, Tennessee: 
but they made only indifferent growth and never bloomed. 

Mr. Ed. Truitt of Franklin, Tennessee, reported most excellent 
success with Catawba grapes, and because of his success two hun- 
dred vines of tin's variety were set at Nashville Agricultural 
Normal Institute. They have been bearing for four years, but 
have given only ordinary results. 

At Greenville, Tennessee Worden grapes were seen at their 
beet. Prof. Albert C. Holt, dean of Tusculum College, near 
there, reported this as the most successful grape in his vicinity. 
On the contrary. Mr. John Muir of Hcndersonville, Tennessee, 
one of the largest grape growers in the South, reports it as an un- 
profitable variety. In the vineyard in which the variety studies 
reported herein were largely made, it has succeeded fairly well, 
but not so well as Concord. As it grows for a neighbor on newly 
cleared land, it is extra good. 

Delaware is general^ reported to be a weak grower and a poor 
yielder. In North Carolina, especially around Tryon, it is pro- 
ductive and has proved a very profitable grape. In most of Tenn- 
essee it has done well. 

In the Nashville Agricultural Normal Institute vineyard where 
these studies were made, Moore's Early has never produced 
enough grapes to be profitable, and the quality is poor. On 
Mr. Muir's place at Hendersonville, Tennessee, it produces 
large enough crops to be profitable because of its carliness. 

Concord has proven to be a grape of great adaptability. It 
usually succeeds even where others fail, but at Mr. Cantrell's 
place near Austell, Georgia, it failed; while Niagara, a grape 
that is usually subject to disease, was giving good results when 
observed in 1915. 

As mentioned above, Niagara was found fruiting heavily at 
Austel, Georgia, without having been sprayed. At Tryon. North 
Carolina, it is the leading grape grown. It has been observed 
three seasons fruiting well at Farm School, near Swanninoah, 
North Carolina. Where these studies were made, it bears heavy 
crops, but is very subject to disease and so requires extra spraying. 
Mr. Lindsey gives the information that at Tryon, North Carolina, 
it is as disease resistant as Concord. 

Not far from Mobile, Alabama, at Gulfport, there are according 



Variability of Behavior 31 

to the reports of Mr. Russell, formerly of Nashville, Tennessee, 
Mr. Starcher, State Entomologist of Alabama, and Mr. Morrell, 
Agriculturist for the Southern Railroad Company, several small 
plantings of an unidentified grape of 'the Concord type-, known 
locally as the Indiana »rape because of having been brought 
from thai slate. It is thriving and yielding good crops regularly 
without any special care in a region where it is considered im- 
possible to grow such grapes. 

These facts, together with many similar ones that could be 
given, show the importance of experimental vineyards in many 
places in the South. This is especially important because in the 
past very little such work has been done, in any of the southern 
states and, as a consequence, no.one knows with any degree of 
certainty whether any given variety of grape may be set with 
a reasonable expectation of giving profitable returns. From the 
fact that it is expensive to set a vinej^ard and care for it for three 
or four .years until it comes to bearing, few people are willing to 
take the chance unless they are reasonably sure of results. 

The various state experiment stations would render a great 
service to the public were they to plant more or less complete 
trial vineyards and report the results to the public. When this 
is done, one or more varieties of grapes now in cultivation are 
likely to be found suitable to most districts in the South, and 
can be grown profitably. 



APPENDIX 



GRAPES: NUMBER OF VINES IN THE SOUTH A 
PER U. S. CENSUS. 



State 


Vines of 


Vines riot of Production 




Bearing A ge 


Bearing Age 1919 lbs. 


North Carolina 


543734 


114582 10679108 


South Carolina 


87487 


27874 2016506 


Georgia 


182119 


38588 2865319 


Florida 


57840 


29767 1220623 


Ken tuck}' 


327429 


69439 1497769 


Tennessee 


359972 


98928 1839450 


Alabama 


183759 


60995 1446814 


Mississippi 


56912 


2404 1 760563 


Louisiana 


19601 


12583 67203 


AVERAGE 


PRODUCTION PER VINE IN POUNDS 


Data furnished by the various State Horticulturists and from 


U. S. Census reports. 






North Carolina 


20 




South Carolina 


24 




Georgia 


15 




Florida 


21 




Kentucky 


4 




Tennessee 


5 




Ala ban! a 


7 




Mississippi 


14 




Texas 


3 




Louisiana 


3 




New York 


5 



This table shows conclusively that the average production of 
grapes per vine in the South is fully equal to that in the North. 



Appendix 33 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

(Numbers here given correspond to numbers in the text) 

1. Bible, Numbers 13:23. 

4. Tasitus, Bohn's Classical library, Vol. I, page 184. 

2. Bible, Ruth 2:14. 

3. Bible, I Sam. 25:18. 

5. Barnes, Studies in American History, Subject, The Vikings. 
(3. Hedrick, Grapes of New York, page 1. 

7. Hedrick, Manual of America Grape Growing, page 1. 

8. Munson, Foundations of American Grape Culture, pp. 55-60. 

9. Munson, Classification and Generic Species of the Wild Gapes 
of North America. 

10. Phin, Open Air Grape Culture, pp. 1, 2. 

11. Phin, Open Air Grape Culture, pp. 22-29. 

12. Hedrick s Grapes of New York, Chapter IV. 

13. Hedrick's Grapes of New York, Chapter I. 

14. Phin, Open Air Grape Culture, Chapter I. 

15. Lindsey, W. T., Tryon, N. C. Conversation and private letters. 

16. Garrison, W. A. B., Blackmountain, N. C. Conversation 
and private letters. 

17. Little, G. F. Conversation and private letters. 

18. Davis, II. S. University of S. C, Colombia, S. C. Private 
conversations. 

19. Hussman, G. B. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 
Persona] information. 

20. Personal visits and observations. 

21. Hussman, American Grape Growing and Wine Making, p. 6. 

22. Emerson, Story of the Vine, Subject, Pruning. 

23. Hedrick, Manual of American Grape Growing, pp. 132-138. 

24. Hussman, American Grape Growing and Wine Making, 
pp. 62-64. 

25. Phin, Open Air Grape Culture, Chapter I. 

26. Phelps, The Vine; its Culture in the United States, Subject, 
Early Grape Plantations. 

27. Fisher, Observations on the Character and Culture of the 
American Vine, Chapter I. 

Aathorites Consulted but not Quoted. 

1 . American Pomological Society — Report from 1852 to date. 

2. Andre— A Guide to the Cultivation of the Grape Vine in Texas, 
and Instructions for Wine Making. 

3. Antill — An Essay on the Cultivation of the Vine, etc. 

4. Bailey — American Grape Training 

5. Bright — Single Stem Dwarf Renewal System of Grape Culture. 

6. Buchanan— The Culture of the Grape and Wine Making. 

7. Cope — Physiography in its Application to Grape Culture. 



34 Appendix 

8. Corlton — The American Grape Growers' Guide. 

9. Denniston — Grape Culture in Stauben County, New York. 

10. Dept. of Agriculture, U. S. All bulletins to date. 

11. Dept. of Agriculture, Florida — Sixteenth Biennial Report. 

12. Dept. of Agriculture, New York— Grape Culture in Steuben 
County. 

13. Dept. of Agriculture, New York, —The Grape Belt. 

14. Dept. of Agriculture, Kansas — The Grape. 

15. Dufor — The American Vine Dresser's Guide. 

16. Eisen — The Raisin Industry. 

17. Emerson — Story of the Vine. ' 

18. Florida- -Grape Growers' Association — Annual Reports. 

19. Fuller — The Grape Culturist. 

20. Goesman — Contribution to the Chemistry of the American 
Grapevine. 

21. Grant— Manual of the Vine. 

22. Haraszthy — Grape Culture; Wines and Wine Making. 

23. Haskell — An Account of Various Experiments for the Pro- 
duction of New and Desirable Grapes. 

24. Hussman — Cultivation of the Native Grape and the Manu- 
facture of American Vines. 

25. Hore — Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of Grape Vine. 

26. Hofer — Grape Growing. 

27. Hyatt — Handbook of Grape Culture. 

28. Keecfj — Grape Growers' Guide. 

29. Longworth — The Cultivation of the Grape and the Manu- 
facture of Wine. 

30. McMinn — A Contribution to the Classification of the Species 
and Varieties of the Grape. 

31. McMurtie — Report Upon Statistcs of Grape Culture and 
Wine Production of U. S. A. for 1880. 

32. Mead — An Elementary Treatise of American Grape Culture 
and W r ine Making. 

33. Mitzky— Our Native Grape. 

34. Mohr — The Grape \ T inc. 

35. Phin— Open Air Grape Culture. 

36. Prince — Treatise on the Vine. 

37. Rafinesque — American Annual Grape Vines. 

38. Reemiln — The Vine Dresser's Manual. 

39. Saunders — Both Sides of The Grape Question. 

40. Speechly — A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine. 

41. Spooner — The Cultivation of American Grape Vines. 

42. Strong— Culture of the Grape. 

43. Trvon — A Practical Treatise on Grape Culture. 

44. U."S. Census Buelletins, 1920. 

45. Wait— Wines and Vines of California. 

46. Woodward's — Graperies and Horticultural Buildings 



Appendix 



.35 



VISITS AND OBSERVATIONS 



West Grove, Pa. 
Florence, S. C. 
Wilmington, S. C. 
Tusculum, Tenn. 
Asheville, N. C. and vicinity 
Vicksburg, Miss, and vicinity 
Berea, Kentucky 
Winchester, Tennessee 
Graysville, Tennessee 
Douglasville, Georgia 
Austcl, Georgia 
Selma, Alabama 
Hazelhurst, Miss. 



Columbia, S. C. 
Johnson, S. C. 
Tryon, N. C. 
Knoxville, Tenn. 
Greenville, N. C. and vicinity 
Hattesburg, Miss, and vicinity 
Murfreesboro, Tennessee 
Chattanooga, Tennessee 
Atlanta, Ga. and vicinity 
Reeves, Georgia 
Huntsville, Alabama 
McKinley, Alabama 
Jacksonville, Miss, and vicinity 



1. Dept. of Agriculture, U. S. — Private letters from Mr. Hussman. 

2. Dept. of Agriculture, Georgia — Private letters. 

3. Dept. of Agriculture and Commerce, Mississippi — Private 
letters. 

4. Dept. of Agriculture, South Carolina — Private letters. 

5. Dept. of Agriculture, Kentucky — Private letters. 

6. Dept. of Agriculture. Florida — Private letters. 

7. Morrell, Southern Railroad agriculturist — Conversations, 
letters. 

8. Obermeior, Giess, Parkersburg, W. Va. — Conversation and 
observation. 

9. Starcher, W. B. — Conversations and letters. 

10. Taite, A. C, Old Fort, N. C. — Conversations and observations. 
11 Tryon, N. C. — Observations and visits to orchards. 
12. Wade, Florrv, Calhoun, Ga. — Conversation. 



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